Challenges and future directions are discussed in Section 7, and the paper is concluded in Section 8. Some ongoing and future pilot projects for smart cities are described in Section 6. In Section 4 existing sensing platforms for smart cities are discussed, and in Section 5 sensing applications in smart cities are discussed. It is organized as follows: Sections 2 and 3 review the current state of sensing and enabling technologies, respectively. Secondly, what is the most efficient way to aggregate and process this data?Īspects related to sensing in smart cities as well as efficient processing of data collected by these sensors is discussed in the remainder of this paper. Firstly, there needs to be a communication infrastructure in place for these sensors to communicate with each other. Real-time monitoring eliminates the need for regular scheduled inspections, therefore reducing costs measuring energy consumption in households allows for accurate load forecasting and sensors deployed in roads for traffic monitoring collect data which is necessary for the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS).įor these approaches to be effective, sensors have to be deployed in very large numbers and they have to be interconnected, so that the collected data can be sent to a central information system, where intelligent decisions based on this data can be made. Using sensors to monitor public infrastructures, such as bridges, roads and buildings, provides awareness that enables a more efficient use of resources, based on the data collected by these sensors. Sensing is at the heart of smart infrastructures, which can monitor themselves and act on their own intelligently.
To solve these challenges, cities which are more resource efficient and technology driven, are necessary. This growth will aggravate further existing energy and climate related challenges. It is predicted that the global economy will be significantly disproportionate due the growth of cities, with forecasts that by 2050 more than 6 billion people will live in urban areas.
As some of these applications and technologies belong to different disciplines, the material presented in this paper attempts to bridge these to provide a broad overview, which can be of help to researchers and developers in understanding how advanced sensing can play a role in smart cities. In an effort to provide a holistic view of how sensing technologies play a role in smart cities, a range of applications and technical challenges associated with these applications are discussed. Topics include sensing applications in smart cities, sensing platforms and technical challenges associated with these technologies. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art with regards to sensing in smart cities. Ubiquitous sensing poses numerous challenges, which are of a technological or social nature. From smart design of buildings, which capture rain water for later use, to intelligent control systems, which can monitor infrastructures autonomously, the possible improvements enabled by sensing technologies are immense.
Advanced systems to improve and automate processes within a city will play a leading role in smart cities. In a world where resources are scarce and urban areas consume the vast majority of these resources, it is vital to make cities greener and more sustainable.
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